Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlarida oila tuzilmasi va munosabatlarining o’ziga xos hususiyatlari
2021 yilda AQShda 83,91 million oila istiqomat qilgan….
2000 yildan 2021 yilgacha Qo’shma Shtatlardagi oilalar soni (millionda)
Qo’shma Shtatlarda Bolalarning 70 foizi (18 yoshgacha) ikkita ota-onasi bilan, 23 foizi faqat onasi bilan, 3 foizi faqat otasi bilan va qariyb 4 foizi ota-onasi bilan yashaydi. Bolalarning ikki foizi ota-onasisiz bobosi va buvisi bilan yashaydi, 1 foizi esa boshqa qarindoshlari bilan ota-onasiz yashaydi. Umuman olganda, bolaning rivojlanishi uchun oila tuzilishidan ko’ra, oilaviy munosabatlar va barqarorlik muhim ahamiyat kasb etar ekan. Ota-onalarning bir-biriga bo’lgan munosabatlarining sifati ularning farzandlariga katta ta’sir qilar ekan. Bolalik tendentsiyalarining tahlili shuni ko’rsatdiki, ota-onalarning turmush qurganligi yoki birga yashashidan qat’i nazar, ota-onalar o’rtasidagi munosabatlarning sifati, ota-onalar o’zaro munosabatlarda qanchalik baxtli bo’lishlari bolalarning xatti-harakatlari, ijtimoiy kompetentsiyalari, maktabga jalb qilinishi va ruhiy tushkunlik bilan bog’liq ekan.
Suningdek, Ota-onalar va bolalarning o’zaro bog’liqligi sog’liq ko’rsatkichlariga ham ta’sir qilar ekan. Ochiq muloqotni o’z ichiga olgan yaqin, ijobiy oilaviy munosabatlar yoshlarga sog’lom bo’lishga va giyohvand moddalarni iste’mol qilishdan, yomon psixologik salomatlikdan, xavfli jinsiy xatti-harakatlardan va zo’ravonlikdan qochishga yordam beradi. Oiladagi iliqlik va qo’llab-quvvatlash, shuningdek, oilani boshqarish amaliyoti (masalan, umumiy ovqatlanish, monitoring, ota-onalarning farzandlarining do’stlari haqidagi bilimlari) hissiy tartibga solish, qiziquvchanlik va moslashuvchan kurash kabi ijobiy rivojlanish natijalarida ham rol o’ynashi mumkin ekan.
Bolalarning atigi 2% ota-onalari haqida ota-onalik talablarini bajarishda yaxshi emasligini aytadilar, o’smirlarning aksariyat ota-onalari (14-17 yosh) buni juda yaxshi bajarmoqda deb o’ylashadi, faqat 6% ular yaxshi muloqot qila olmasligini his qilishar ekan.
O’smirlar yoshi ulg’aygan sari ovqatlanish uchun oilalariga kamroq qo’shilishadi, lekin ular ota-onalari bilan muntazam ovqatlanishsa, foyda keltirar ekan. Tez-tez oilada ovqatlanish yuqori o’z-o’zini hurmat qilish va ijobiy akademik natijalar, shuningdek, depressiya, spirtli ichimliklar va giyohvand moddalarni suiiste’mol qilish, o’z joniga qasd qilish fikrlari va zo’ravonlik xatti-harakatlarining pasayishi bilan bog’liq bo’ladi. Har haftada uch yoki undan ortiq oilaviy ovqatga qo’shilgan o’smirlar, shuningdek, sog’lom ovqatlanish tartibiga ega bo’lishadi, jumladan, meva, sabzavotlar va vitaminlarni ko’proq iste’mol qilish va boshqa natijalar qatorida nosog’lom oziq-ovqatlarni iste’mol qilish ehtimoli kamayadi.
12-17 yoshdagi taxminan har uchinchi o’smir har kuni o’z oilasi bilan tushlik qilar ekan, yana 31 foizi kunning ko’p qismini oilasi bilan birga ovqatlanar ekan. Osiyolik va ispaniyalik bolalar oq yoki qora tanli yoshlarga qaraganda har kuni oilalari bilan ovqatlanishadi. Uy xo’jaligi daromadi kambag’allik chegarasidan past bo’lgan o’smirlar daromadi yuqori bo’lgan o’smirlarga qaraganda deyarli har kuni oilaviy ovqatlanish ehtimoli ko’proq bo’lar ekan.
Milliy Sog’liqni saqlash statistikasi markazi Oilalar o’sishi bo’yicha Milliy tadqiqotning tahlili otalarning o’z farzandlari bilan bog’liqligining bir qancha ko’rsatkichlarini diqqat bilan ko’rib chiqdi.
Alohida yashagan otalar va bolalar orasida: 16% otalar har kuni maktab yoshidagi farzandi bilan bolaning kunida sodir bo’lgan voqealar haqida gaplashar ekan. Yosh otalar (15-24 yosh) yoshi katta otalarga qaraganda oldingi to’rt hafta ichida farzandi bilan birga ovqat yeyishgan ekan. Birgalikda yashagan otalar va bolalar orasida: Otalarning 65 foizi maktab yoshidagi farzandi bilan har kuni bolaligida sodir bo‘lgan voqealar haqida gaplashar ekan. Qora tanli otalarning 70 foizi har kuni yosh bolalarini yuvintirgan, kiyintirgan yoki taglik kiygan yoki ularga hojatxonadan foydalanishga yordam bergan (60 foiz oq tanli otalar va 45 foiz ispaniyalik otalar bilan solishtirganda). Maktab yoshidagi bolalarning qora tanli otalari (27%) oq tanli otalarga (20%) qaraganda o’z farzandlarini har kuni mashg’ulotlarga olib borish yoki olib ketish ehtimoli ko’proq ekan. Qora tanli otalarning 41 foizi har kuni farzandlariga uy vazifasini bajarishda yordam berishgan (29 foiz ispan otalar va 28 foiz oq tanli otalar bilan solishtirganda).
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
| [1] | Anderson, L. R., Hemez, P. F., & Kreider, R. M. (2022, February). Living arrangements of children: 2019. census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2022/demo/p70- 174.pdf |
| [2] | Murry, V. M., & Lippold, M. A. (2018). Parenting practices in diverse family structures: Examination of adolescents• development and adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28(3), 650•664. doi.org/10.1111/jora.12390 |
| [3] | Moore, K. A., Kinghorn, A., & Bandy, T. (2011). Parental relationship quality and child outcomes across subgroups. childtrends.org/?publications=parental-relationship-quality-and-c hild-outcomes-across-subgroups |
| [4] | Steiner, R. J., Sheremenko, G., Lesesne, C., Dittus, P. J., Sieving, R. E., & Ethier, K. A. (2019). Adolescent connectedness and adult health outcomes. Pediatrics. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3766 |
| [5] | Gervais, C., & Jose, P. E. (2020). How does family connectedness contribute to youths• health? The mediating role of coping strategies. Family Process, 59(4), 1627•1647. doi.org/10.1111/famp.12514 |
| [6] | Beckmeyer, J. J., Su-Russell, C., & Russell, L. T. (2020). Family management practices and positive youth development in stepfamilies and single-mother families. Family Relations, 69(1), 92•108.doi.org/10.1111/fare.12412 |
| [7] | Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (n.d.). Data query from the 2019-2020 National Survey of Children•s Health: Indicator 6.16. childhealthdata.org/browse/survey/results?q=8777&r=1 |
| [8] | Annie E. Casey Foundation Kids Count Data Center. (2021). Youth ages 14 to 17 who can share ideas or talk about things that really matter with their parents in the United States, 2018-2019.datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/11195-youth-ages-14-to-17-wh o-can-share-ideas-or-talk-about-things-that-really-matter-with-th eir-parents?loc=1 |
| [9] | Wikle, J. S., & Hoagland, A. (2020). Adolescent interactions with family and emotions during interactions: Variation by family structure. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(5), 544•554. doi.org/10.1037/fam0000625 |
| [10] | Harrison, M. E., Norris, M. L., Obeid, N., Fu, M., Weinstangel, H., & Sampson, M. (2015). Systematic review of the effects of family meal frequency on psychosocial outcomes in youth. Canadian Family Physician, 61(2), e96-e106. |
| [11] | Hammons, A. J., & Fiese, B. H. (2011). Is frequency of shared family meals related to the nutritional health of children and adolescents? Pediatrics, 127(6), e1565-e1574. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1440 |
| [12] | Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (n.d.). Data query from the 2019-20 National Survey of Children’s Health: Indicator 6.9. childhealthdata.org/browse/survey/results?q=8748&r=1&g=936 (Edit search criteria to see data broken down by race/ethnicity, household income level, etc.) |
| [13] | Jones, J., & Mosher, W. D. (2013, December 20). Fathers’ involvement with their children: United States, 2006-2010. National Health Statistics Reports Number 71. cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr071.pdf |
“Oila va xotin-qizlar” ilmiy-tadqiqot instituti
B. Xonturayev
